Do these pants make me look fat?
穿这条裤子会不会让(rang)我显胖？
Obviously, there is never a rightanswer. It tends to get me in troubleeven if I do answer.
很明显(xian)，这个问(wen)题不会(hui)(hui)有正确答(da)(da)案。就(jiu)算(suan)我(wo)回答(da)(da)了也会(hui)(hui)惹上(shang)麻烦。
What is the proper Backfat for a sow? This is one of my most frequent askedquestions. Fifteen years ago, I had theopportunity to work on a 3-year project studying this question. I have always been reluctant to answer thisquestion because in general a sow can perform normally with a large range ofbackfat as this project had found out. In differing levels of backfat she will require differing levels ofmanagement. Fifteen years later the sowis now weaning what we had at that time as total born. This has made the question of backfat in sowsmore acute today. You can never be rightin answering this question, but you can see certain levels that are moremanageable.
母猪理想的背膘(biao)应该是多少(shao)？这是人们向(xiang)我咨询(xun)最多的(de)问题之一。十五年前我(wo)恰好在一个为期3年(nian)的(de)项目中工作(zuo)，专门研究了(le)这一问题(ti)。正如(ru)该项目研究结果所示，一般来说(shuo)，一头母猪(zhu)的(de)背(bei)膘往往涵盖较(jiao)大范围，因此我并不是很愿意回答这一问题(ti)。在不同的(de)背(bei)膘水平上，母猪(zhu)需要不同层级(ji)的(de)管理。15年(nian)后(hou)，目前这些母猪断奶数已(yi)经达到了当(dang)年(nian)的总产(chan)仔数之(zhi)多。这就使(shi)得当(dang)今母猪背膘问题(ti)(ti)更加(jia)严峻。尽管这一(yi)问题(ti)(ti)永远没有正确答案，但的确可(ke)以在一(yi)定程度上加(jia)强(qiang)把(ba)控。
Generally, sows perform poorly when backfatis taken to extremes. Sows that are toolean have fertility problems related to metabolizing muscle instead of fatduring the last 3 weeks of gestation when fetus growth is the greatest andduring lactation where the demand for protein (milk) is very great. Overly fat sows tend not to eat duringlactationand milk offtheir backs (fat reserves). This resulted in excess weight loss, poor subsequent litter size andlong wean to service interval. Sows thatgain and lose excess of weight during the sow interval will also have a shorterlife span in the herd. Too skinny sowsmay just not breed back.
一般来说，如果背膘到(dao)达某个极(ji)端，母(mu)猪(zhu)的(de)表现往(wang)往(wang)会比较(jiao)(jiao)差。太瘦的(de)母(mu)猪(zhu)在(zai)怀孕的(de)最后(hou)三周所遇到(dao)的(de)生育(yu)问(wen)题往(wang)往(wang)与(yu)肌肉代谢相(xiang)关，而不是脂肪，而此(ci)时的(de)胎儿生长程度达到(dao)最大(da)，而在(zai)哺(bu)(bu)乳期(qi)间(jian)亦是如此(ci)，此(ci)时蛋白质（满足产(chan)奶所需）需求非常高。整体较(jiao)(jiao)胖的(de)母(mu)猪(zhu)在(zai)哺(bu)(bu)乳期(qi)往(wang)往(wang)吃得较(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)，而依靠消耗背膘（脂肪储备）来哺(bu)(bu)乳。这就(jiu)会造成失重(zhong)过(guo)度、后(hou)续窝(wo)产(chan)仔数较(jiao)(jiao)低以及断奶到(dao)配种(zhong)间(jian)隔(ge)延(yan)长。如果母(mu)猪(zhu)在(zai)生产(chan)间(jian)隔(ge)期(qi)间(jian)增(zeng)重(zhong)及失重(zhong)过(guo)度，其在(zai)猪(zhu)群中的(de)寿命也往(wang)往(wang)较(jiao)(jiao)短。太瘦的(de)母(mu)猪(zhu)可能无法(fa)再次(ci)配种(zhong)。
So, whatis the right level of backfat? The rightlevel of backfat is where the sow performs normally without excess loss ofweight during lactation, weans a good litter, breeds back well and stays in theherd for a long time, with the minimum amount of management.
那么背(bei)膘的(de)理想(xiang)水平是多少呢？在理想(xiang)的(de)背(bei)膘水平下，母猪表(biao)现(xian)较为正常，在哺乳期间不会损失过(guo)多体重(zhong)，断奶数量(liang)较多，配种表(biao)现(xian)良(liang)好而(er)且可以在猪群中生存较长时间，与(yu)此同时对管理的(de)需求最(zui)低。
Backfat is more important in the first 2parities than it is in older sows that have a greater feed intake and largerbody mass to draw from. Therefore, Iwill focus on the gilt and its development as a best practice.
比起大龄母(mu)猪(zhu)，背膘对于头两胎(tai)的(de)母(mu)猪(zhu)来说(shuo)更(geng)为(wei)重要(yao)，要(yao)知道大龄母(mu)猪(zhu)采食量(liang)更(geng)大，而消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)体(ti)重也更(geng)大。因此(ci)我会重点关注后(hou)备猪(zhu)及其(qi)发育，这是绝佳(jia)的(de)切入点。
Maternal gilts should follow a strictgenetic program. The emphasis on Backfatin maternal gilts should be minimal. Maternalgilts at 100 Kgs. should be around 12mm to 14mm at 100 Kgs. Maternal gilts at breeding should be 14mm to16mm. Maternal gilts at farrowing shouldbe 20mm to 24 mm. Anything outside thisis acceptable but will require greater management. I would tend to be fatter with maternal giltsthan leaner. Backfat has a 40%hereditability and therefore a lean carcass should be focused on the Terminalsire rather than on the Maternal side. Backfat in maternal gilts is interdependent of backfat, age and weightof the maternal gilt. Charts 1,2 and 3look at these three important interdependent factors.
母系后备猪(zhu)(zhu)应该执行严(yan)格的基因程式。不(bu)应该太过重视母系后备猪(zhu)(zhu)的背膘问题。100公(gong)斤的母(mu)系后备猪背膘厚度应该大约(yue)在12-14毫(hao)米左右。配(pei)种时的母系后备猪背(bei)膘应达到14-16毫(hao)米(mi)。分娩时的母系后备猪(zhu)背膘要(yao)达到(dao)20-24毫米。如果实际情况超过(guo)这一范(fan)围也(ye)是可以(yi)接受(shou)的，但需要加强管(guan)理。就我个人而(er)言，我更(geng)希望母系(xi)后备猪胖一些(xie)。背膘的可遗传(chuan)性为(wei)40%，因此(ci)要想提(ti)高胴体(ti)瘦(shou)肉(rou)率(lv)应重(zhong)点(dian)关注(zhu)父系，而不是母(mu)系。母(mu)系后备猪的背膘同(tong)其(qi)日龄、体(ti)重(zhong)息(xi)息(xi)相关。你可以(yi)通过(guo)表1、2、3更好(hao)地(di)了解(jie)这三项要(yao)素的相关(guan)性。
Here is a chart that gives an idea of where the backfat (in Millimeters) in maternalgilts should range at farrowing. At breeding shift the chart 4mm to the left. Ideal at breeding from 16mm to 20mm.
下表展示了母系后备猪在分(fen)娩时背膘(biao)的理想范围（单(dan)位：毫(hao)米）。配种时则将该表数(shu)据(ju)整体左(zuo)移4毫米。配(pei)种时理想背膘为(wei)16-20毫米。
Stop using back fat for milk duringlactation. The modern sow has 30 % morepigs to wean and weaning 15% heavier piglets. Overall milk for this modern litter requires feed not back fat to getresults.
哺乳期停(ting)止依(yi)靠消耗背膘来产(chan)奶。同(tong)过去(qu)相比，当代(dai)母猪断奶仔猪数(shu)已增加(jia)了30%，断奶时仔猪体重整体增加了15%。现(xian)如今，母猪哺(bu)乳更依赖的是(shi)饲料(liao)，而不是(shi)背膘。
The second part of this is total bodymass. Maternal gilts weight is also animportant part of this. Weight inKilograms at breeding.
第二部分表(biao)示的是(shi)总(zong)体重。母系后(hou)备猪体重也是(shi)重要的一部分。配种时体重情况单位是(shi)公斤。
The third component is age. Age in days from birth at breeding.
第三大要(yao)素(su)是日龄(ling)。日龄(ling)为(wei)配种时已出生天(tian)数(shu)。
Here is a look at 5 purebred farms I followin China. We want to focus on FarmG. Where they are weaning 13 pigs persow over the last 10 weeks, (12.5 for all last 2 years), with all three breeds Yorkshire, Landrace andDuroc). It in contrast to the otherfarms, farm G places a great deal of effort in Gilt develop and gilt udderdevelopment. They focus on getting allthree components in developing the gilt. The gilt is given 14 pigs to milk. Because she has adequate backfat, age and weight she is able to milk forthe full term 14 pigs. Management ofthis gilt is the simplest. The pre-weanmortality is less than 5%. Farm H andFarm G have differing strategies. WhereFarm H puts more pigs on older sows and places less emphasis on giltdevelopment. Remember your paritydistribution. The largest group isalways your parity 1 sows. Farm Gemphasis gilt udder development. Thishas a great affect in subsequent parities and longevity in the herd.
下面(mian)是(shi)我在(zai)中国(guo)研究的5家纯种场相关情况。我们关注的重点是G场。过去(qu)10周，该场每(mei)头(tou)母猪可断(duan)奶13头(tou)仔(zi)猪，（过去两年都(dou)是12.5），大白、长白和杜洛克这三大品(pin)系(xi)都(dou)是如此(ci)。同其他场相比(bi)，G场在后(hou)备猪(zhu)(zhu)培育以(yi)及后(hou)备猪(zhu)(zhu)乳(ru)房(fang)发育方面下了很大功夫。他们在培育后(hou)备猪(zhu)(zhu)时重(zhong)点(dian)关注这三大要素(su)。有一头后(hou)备猪(zhu)(zhu)要为14头(tou)仔(zi)猪哺乳(ru)(ru)，因(yin)为她的(de)背(bei)膘、日龄和体重(zhong)都达标，允许在整个哺乳(ru)(ru)期哺乳(ru)(ru)14头仔猪。这(zhei)头后备猪的(de)管理是(shi)最简(jian)单(dan)的(de)。断(duan)奶前死亡率不到(dao)5%。H场和G场(chang)采用的方案截然不同。H场会让日龄较(jiao)大的后(hou)备猪带更多(duo)仔猪，而对后(hou)备猪培育则(ze)不是(shi)很重视。要(yao)铭(ming)记(ji)胎(tai)次(ci)分布。1胎母猪的窝产子(zi)数是最(zui)高的。G场很重视后备猪乳房(fang)发育。这(zhei)对猪群后续胎次和寿(shou)命都(dou)有很大影响。
Summary
总结
Backfat is very subjective. There is a range of acceptable levels. Some levels are more manageable thanothers. Backfat in maternal gilts isinterdependent of age and weight. Maternalgilts require a greater need for backfat management. Managing Backfat, age and weight of the maternalgilt will help to maximize her ability to milk and have longevity in the herd.After parity 3 the range is much broader. Look at farms with best results and adapt the best practices to yourfarm. Rely on feed intake and nutrientlevels in lactation feed to get milk production. Do not expect to get results from the sowsbackfat. I don’t even measure backfatanymore but focus rather on feed intake.
背膘(biao)是(shi)一项(xiang)非常(chang)主(zhu)观(guan)的(de)(de)(de)标(biao)尺，有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)可接(jie)受(shou)范(fan)围。一些(xie)背膘(biao)水平下的(de)(de)(de)母猪(zhu)(zhu)比其(qi)他猪(zhu)(zhu)更好(hao)管(guan)理。母系(xi)后(hou)(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)背膘(biao)同日(ri)龄和(he)体重(zhong)有(you)很(hen)大(da)相关性。母系(xi)后(hou)(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)(zhu)对背膘(biao)管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)更高。管(guan)理母系(xi)后(hou)(hou)备(bei)猪(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)背膘(biao)、日(ri)龄和(he)体重(zhong)有(you)助于(yu)最大(da)程度提高其(qi)哺乳能力以及延(yan)长在猪(zhu)(zhu)群中的(de)(de)(de)寿命。三胎(tai)后(hou)(hou)范(fan)围更广。你可以学习成果最显著的(de)(de)(de)猪(zhu)(zhu)场(chang)并在自己的(de)(de)(de)猪(zhu)(zhu)场(chang)运用这些(xie)最佳(jia)实践方式(shi)。为保证产奶量(liang)(liang)，哺乳期间采(cai)食量(liang)(liang)和(he)饲料营养水平是(shi)关键。不(bu)要指望母猪(zhu)(zhu)通过消耗背膘(biao)来产奶。我甚至已不(bu)再测量(liang)(liang)背膘(biao)，而是(shi)重(zhong)点关注采(cai)食情况。
注：表内(nei)第一行：批(pi)次号(hao)。
第二行从左至右(you)：栋舍、母猪(zhu)数量(liang)、背膘低于(yu)18毫(hao)米母猪数量、背膘在18-24毫(hao)米之间母猪数量、背膘超过(guo)24毫米母猪数量
There is no such thing as fat sows anymorein hyper prolific sows. Only 8.3% areover 24 mm BF. 45% are under 18mm. These all fall in the manageable to difficultto manage range. Only 56.7% areideal. Natural variation is normal.
对于(yu)产子数超高(gao)的母猪，脂肪问(wen)题已不在考虑范畴内。只有8.3%的(de)母猪背膘超过24毫米，而(er)18毫米以(yi)下占(zhan)比(bi)达到了45%。这(zhei)些母猪全部在“可管(guan)理”到“难以管(guan)理”区(qu)间范围(wei)内。只有56.7%的(de)母猪是理想的(de)。自(zi)然变(bian)异情况正常。
Natural Variation:
自然变异：
Here isa look at 44 YY gilts in a herd that were Adjusted to 100 Kgs and the backfatwas Adjusted to that 100 Kgs weight. At 100 Kgs they were from 127 to 139 days of age. The natural variation of these gilts Back Fatwas from 8.2 mm to 16.9 mm. These pigsbeing on full feed until they were taken off test and probed to get their truenatural body metabolism of Back Fat. Noticethe wide range. The same naturalvariation would be expected at breeding and at farrowing. The average at 100 Kgs is 12.7 but note thewide variation from that average. Youcannot use back fat as a true measure of a gilt as an average. Unless you use its own off test Backfat todetermine where her breeding and farrowing Back fat will be.
下面我(wo)们看一下猪(zhu)群中44头YY后备(bei)猪(zhu)的情况，它们体重调整(zheng)为100公斤，而背膘(biao)也(ye)是按照100公斤(jin)体(ti)重调(diao)整的(de)。这(zhei)些猪在127-139天时达到了100公斤。这些(xie)后备猪的自然变异中，背膘范围是8.2-16.9毫(hao)米。这些猪在试(shi)验结(jie)束前(qian)一直是(shi)自由采食(shi)，试(shi)验人员检(jian)测了背膘真(zhen)实的自然代谢(xie)情况。注意，区(qu)间(jian)范围很大(da)。配(pei)种和分娩时的自然变(bian)异应该是(shi)一样的。100公斤层(ceng)级上平均背膘是(shi)12.7毫米，但注(zhu)意变异距(ju)离平均(jun)值范围较大。背膘(biao)(biao)不能作为按平均(jun)情况衡(heng)量(liang)后备猪的标尺，除非你(ni)使用未经检(jian)验的背膘(biao)(biao)来(lai)判断配种时和分娩时背膘(biao)(biao)预计(ji)值。
Backfat is just anumber, it doesn’t identify performance just the level of management to get herto perform.
背膘只(zhi)是一(yi)个(ge)数字，不能用(yong)来判断猪只(zhi)性能，只(zhi)有相(xiang)应水平(ping)的管理才可(ke)以影响(xiang)猪只(zhi)表现(xian)。
Alberta Technology Consultancy(Shanghai) Co. Ltd
Lorne and Vicki Tannas: Swine Production Specialists and Nucleus Support
作者：Lorne和Vicki Tannas:养猪专家，为核心场提供专(zhuan)业支持
|
当前位置：